海湾扇贝自交与杂交子代的生长 比较和通径分析

摘 要：以海湾扇贝US和ME为亲本,建立了海湾扇贝自交UU、MM和杂交UM 3个试验组合,在养殖112、164天时测定生长参数并分析各养殖时期影响体重的主要因素。结果表明：在各养殖时期,杂交子代的壳高、壳厚以及体重均表现出生长优势（P<0.05）,因此认为通过不同地理群体US和ME杂交方式来改善海湾扇贝性状是可行的;通径分析的结果表明,对于自交群体,体长是影响体重的主要影响因素,但对于杂交群体来说,壳高（112天）以及壳厚（164天）对体重的决定作用较大,因此对于该杂交群体的选育,应按照各性状对体重的具体决定系数选择各时期的优势性状,以使子代的杂种优势充分表现。     

我国四个主要扇贝品种介绍及养殖发展对策

从形态、地理分布、繁殖生物学、生活习性等几个方面介绍了我国四个主要扇贝品种,同时对目前扇贝养殖业存在的问题及对策进行了探讨。     

海湾扇贝南部亚种闭壳肌质量的双性状选择效应

采用双性状选择方法在经群体继代大壳高选育的海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians concentricus Say)南部亚种F₃养殖群体中进行闭壳肌定向选育, 以评价闭壳肌的选择效果和现实遗传力, 为海湾扇贝南部亚种育种提供理论依据。结果表明, 在以壳高为第一选择性状、体质量为第二选择性状、壳高选择压力为10%、体质量选择压力为1%情况下, 正、负向选择组、对照组在产卵量、受精率、孵化率、幼虫期壳长增长率、中培期存活率、成体各形态参数等方面的差异不显著(P>0.05); 在稚贝育成率、养成期存活率、成体各质量性状等方面均存在显著差异(P<0.05), 各指标值均呈现正向选择组>对照组>负向选择组; 正、负向选择组中, 体质量与闭壳肌质量均出现较高的现实遗传力, 且正向选择组高于负向选择组; 双性状选择时, 体质量与闭壳肌质量的当代遗传获得明显高于单性状选择结果。壳高和体质量对闭壳肌质量均具有密切的遗传相关, 任何一个性状的选择均可对闭壳肌质量产生显著影响, 双性状同时选择可对闭壳肌质量产生叠加效应, 使闭壳肌质量性状的遗传进展达到最大。

     

Accumulation, biotransformation, histopathology and paralysis in the Pacific calico scallop Argopecten ventricosus by the paralyzing toxins of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum

The dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum produces paralyzing shellfish poisons that are consumed and accumulated by bivalves. We performed short-term feeding experiments to examine ingestion, accumulation, biotransformation, histopathology, and paralysis in the juvenile Pacific calico scallop Argopecten ventricosus that consume this dinoflagellate. Depletion of algal cells was measured in closed systems. Histopathological preparations were microscopically analyzed. Paralysis was observed and the time of recovery recorded. Accumulation and possible biotransformation of toxins were measured by HPLC analysis. Feeding activity in treated scallops showed that scallops produced pseudofeces, ingestion rates decreased at 8 h; approximately 60% of the scallops were paralyzed and melanin production and hemocyte aggregation were observed in several tissues at 15 h. HPLC analysis showed that the only toxins present in the dinoflagellates and scallops were the N-sulfo-carbamoyl toxins (C1, C2); after hydrolysis, the carbamate toxins (epimers GTX2/3) were present. C1 and C2 toxins were most common in the mantle, followed by the digestive gland and stomach-complex, adductor muscle, kidney and rectum group, and finally, gills. Toxin profiles in scallop tissue were similar to the dinoflagellate; biotransformations were not present in the scallops in this short-term feeding experiment.     

Use of marine by‐product meals in diets for juvenile longfin yellowtail Seriola rivoliana

A 60‐day feeding trial to determine the nutritional value of marine by‐product meals in diets for longfin yellowtail Seriola rivoliana juveniles (48.1 ± 0.6 g initial weight) was conducted. Five diets were evaluated: a reference diet (RD; 500 g kg^?1 CP, 130 g kg^?1 L), containing 500 g kg^?1 of fish meal (FM); three experimental diets with 125 g kg^?1 of shrimp head (SM), Catarina scallop viscera (CM) or Pen shell viscera (PM) meals; and one diet (SCP) containing 125 g kg^?1 of each of the experimental meals, to partially replace FM. Survival was not significantly affected by any treatment. Individual weight gain per day was high for the PM (5.3 ± 0.51 g d^?1) and SM (4.7 ± 0.32 g d^?1) diets, being significantly higher than the RD (3.5 ± 0.23 g d^?1) and the other treatments (<1.2 g d^?1). Feed intake was high in PM and SM diets, and very low in SCP and CM diets. Biochemical and haematological parameters were similar among treatments RD, PM and SM, while fish fed CM and SCP exhibited lower levels of total protein, cholesterol, haematocrit and haemoglobin. The results indicate that SM or PM can be used to partially replace FM in diets for yellowtail juveniles.     

响应面法优化中性蛋白酶酶解海湾扇贝副产物制备抗氧化酶解物研究

采用响应面法优化中性蛋白酶酶解海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradias)副产物蛋白制备抗氧化酶解物工艺。以DPPH自由基清除率和还原能力为响应值,在底物浓度、温度、时间、酶与底物比4个单因素实验基础上,优化确定3个显著性因素。获得实验条件下最佳制备工艺为:底物浓度25 mg·mL^-1、温度50℃、时间3.8 h、酶与底物比1.5%。在此条件下,实验验证酶解海湾扇贝副产物蛋白制备抗氧化酶解物的DPPH清除率为81.93%(预测值为83.19%),还原能力为58.12%(预测值为58.92%),DPPH自由基清除率和还原能力的IC 50值分别为0.264 mg·mL^-1和3.136 mg·mL^-1,且表现出较强的抗氧化活性。研究表明,优化后的回归模型用于预测中性蛋白酶酶解海湾扇贝副产物蛋白制备抗氧化酶解物是可行的。     

墨西哥湾扇贝初级卵母细胞发育及卵黄发生超微结构的初步研究

采用电子显微镜术,研究了墨西哥湾扇贝Argopecten irradians concentricus的初级卵母细胞发育和卵黄发生。结果表明,墨西哥湾扇贝初级卵母细胞的发育可分为卵黄合成前期、卵黄合成期和成熟期;5种细胞器,即线粒体、高尔基液泡、糙面内质网、多泡小体和微吞饮泡参与了初级卵母细胞卵黄颗粒的形成,其中,线粒体和高尔基液泡是形成卵黄颗粒的主要胞器。卵黄物质的来源有内源性和外源性两种方式,外源性卵黄物质主要来自消化腺中贮存的营养。另外,研究发现核膜泡可能参与了多泡小体的形成。     

海湾扇贝消化系统粘液细胞的类型与分布

采用组织化学方法，AB—PAS染色，对人工养殖的1龄海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians，壳长35—40mm)进行显微观察，发现海湾扇贝唇瓣、口唇、胃、肠、直肠、晶杆囊和肝脏中均有粘液细胞分布，其中，内唇瓣的内表皮和外唇瓣的外表皮粘液细胞数量较多，其中Ⅱ型(AB—PAS染色呈蓝色)最多，Ⅳ型(蓝紫色)次之，Ⅲ型(紫红色)较少，I型(红色)极少；内唇瓣的外表皮和外唇瓣的内表皮粘液细胞仅在每一横褶的皱褶处集中分布，多为Ⅱ型，另有少量Ⅳ型。口唇粘液细胞较多，排列比较紧密，Ⅱ型最多，Ⅳ型次之。胃粘液细胞数量很少，均为Ⅱ型。肠粘液细胞(Ⅱ型)较多，在肠上皮细胞较薄的区域分布密集。直肠粘液细胞(Ⅱ型)较多。晶杆囊粘液细胞(Ⅱ型)仅分布于局部。粘液细胞(Ⅱ型)在肝脏仅有少量分布于输出管壁和外上皮中。     

Effect of increasing salinity on physiological response in juvenile scallops Argopecten purpuratus at two rearing temperatures

Argopecten purpuratus can be cultivated using Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) as a method to increase production. In order to determine physiological response of A. purpuratus under different salinities and temperature conditions, two groups of juvenile scallops (small: h = 6.5 mm and large: h = 25.5 mm) were acclimated and close-cultured at salinities of 34, 38, and 42 g/l, at 16 and 22 °C and fed on Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros calcitrans. Survival, shell growth and scope for growth were determined at the end of the trials. Survival showed an inverse relationship with temperature and ammonia levels. In small scallops an increase in salinity at 16 °C increased survival. However, this relationship was not evident at 22 °C. On the other hand, salinity did not affect survival of large juveniles. Small juveniles had a lower survival (approximately 40%) than larger scallops (up to 85%) throughout the trials. Oxygen consumption was not affected by salinity. Small scallops showed similar oxygen consumption at 16 and 22 °C but in large juveniles higher values were registered at 22 °C. In large juveniles routine consumption at 16 °C was higher (up to 35%) than standard consumption. This pattern was not evident at 22 °C, suggesting that oxygen demand is higher regardless of feeding condition. NH₄⁺–N excretion rate is inversely related to salinity. Only small juveniles showed a higher NH₄⁺–N excretion rate at 22 °C. Scope for growth was positive in all treatments, although the upper limit of salinity should not be based only in this index. Higher scope for growth values at 38 and 42 g/l was related with a reduction in ammonia excretion and high absorption efficiency. In addition, an increase in salinity produced a reduction in NH₃–N proportion and under hypersaline conditions scallops tended to decrease excretion as a way of osmoconformation. This explains our findings of higher survival rates at higher salinities. Even though the scope for growth is positive at 42 g/l, the osmotic stress reduces the survival chances. The data obtained can be considered useful information for A. purpuratus culture under controlled conditions.     

人工养殖栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝血淋巴中部分免疫因子的比较研究

采用分光光度技术对人工养殖的栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝血淋巴中部分免疫因子进行了比较研究。结果表明,海湾扇贝血清和血细胞中溶菌酶、非特异性酯酶(NSE)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、髓性过氧化物酶(MPO)、一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、活性氧和H2O2的活力或含量均高于栉孔扇贝,两种扇贝除血清中MPO活力差异不显著外,其他各组均差异极显著或显著。表明人工养殖海湾扇贝较栉孔扇贝的免疫力强。